Functionalism and Marxism: Education and Employment

Functionalism and Marxism Education and EmploymentSociologists study human society. Their subject matter includes human behaviour in various social contexts, social interaction, social institutions and organisation, social change and development (Haralmbos, Van Krieken, Smith Holborn 1999). For this reason, unemployment is an final result which sociologists delve. Unemployment has far reaching affects in all beas of society. social stratification in the areas of age, race, clan, gender, ethnicity, sex and disability is rife amongst the employed and unemployed alike, unemployment creates further segregation amongst these already stratified state. This essay bequeath look at unemployment from the in operation(p) and conflict theory perspective, as well how four main institutions (family, education, presidency and health) are affected by unemployment. It go away excessively look at Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim and their role to sociology and the theory of functionalism and co nflict. Unemployment affects almost everyone to some compass point during their lives, the necessity to understand how we butt end deal with the issue is becoming critically important to society as a whole.Functionalist TheoryFunction is an unclear term, often used by orthodox sociologists to define the logical and social place of roles, institutions and structures in terms of the production and reproductionof a society as a social placement as in the idea that the function of the family is to socialise new members of society (Bessant Watts, 1999).Functionalists believe everything serves a particular function in our society and these functions need to be understood. Everyone has a role to fill in this functional society, in other words we need to take up stratification so as everyone has a purpose. Functionalists are very boundaried and thin within the square. For this theory to really work, there needs to be a consensus amongst the somebodys that break up society, they nee d to believe everything is in the best interest of this so called utopia. thither is obviously no conflict of interest. This does non seem possible in this modern age, so can functionalism still be considered a plausible theory. It does of course check its merits, yes everything does have its function, but these functions are up for a degree of interpretation and change. Unfortunately functionalism does not explain change except in a gradual evolutionary way. strife TheoryConflict theory is a body of theories including marxism, which claims that all social orders are fractured by social conflict, typically between classes and other groups, over control of cheerd resources including wealth, might and property (Bessant Watts, 1999). Conflict theorists believe that conflict is the basis of social order and that a minority of people with power are able to impose their will over others. There is a conflict of interest, people have diametrical goals and purpose. They will use whatev er means to gain this, even to the detriment of others in their society. Those with more power and money have the ability to gain a higher level of work by the main institutions in our society (such as education and health), olibanum creating a greater level of stratification in society. This in turn creates more conflict as those who cannot ticktock the services they need turn to deviate or dependant methods to gain the same baisc needs. Unfortunately it is a vicious circle which continues to breed contempt from both sides of the fence in our society.DurkheimDurkheim (1858-1917) was one of the accredited founding fathers of positivist sociology (functional theory), his concern was how to preserve society. The basis for social order (how society hung together and worked over time) was not economic but moral for Durkheim, convey in the type of solidarity that a society exhibited (Willis,1999).Durkheim was particularly concerned to distinguish social facts, which he sometimes de scribed as states of the collective mind, from the forms these states assumed when manifested through with(predicate) private individual minds. This distinction is most obvious in cases of customs, moral and legal rights and religious beliefs etc.MarxFor Karl Marx (1818-1883), the transformation had to be understood primarily as a change in the economic structure of societies a change in the means by which economic production was organised from a ashes called feudalism to one called capitalism (Willis 1999). Marx was a man flavour to understand society, he followed many different paths and was alienated many times for his ideas. His theories on value and surplus value, accumulation, exploitation, pauperization, crisis and appropriation, class struggle and revolution made no immediate impact on the workers movement, until after his death in 1883 (Rius 1999).UnemploymentWe are entering a new phase in world history one in which fewer and fewer and fewer workers will be needed to pr oduce the goods and services for the global populationFor the whole of the modern era, peoples worth has been measured by the market value of their labournow new ways of defining human worth and social relationships will need to be explored (Rifkin 1996). Life has changed, globalization and feminism have had a huge impact on the work environment around the world. Technology has also made many jobs redundant. Unemployment has become an issue allaround the globe, explanations of this phenomenom are plenty. How does unemployment serve a purpose, or is it just another chance for the powerful to stamp on those with little power? The government views the unemployment situation as an idividual problem. It is due to the lack of training of the individual, they now make people have training to continue to get unemployment benefits. This is a great idea as far as keeping the individual busy and increasing the self-esteem and knowledge, but what and then? We are now creating alot of subject people for positions which dont exist. We need to look at why there are not enough positions to employ these individuals. If it is not lack of skills, then what is it? Could it be that they government or us as a society are not doing enough to promotebusiness in Australia, preferably sending our work load overseas for cheaper labour. We need to look at why the positions are non existant rather than assuming it is the individuals fault. Unemployment affects our society in so many ways. The four main institutions I am looking at are family, education, health and government.Firstly the family, unemployment places added financial and mental strain on the family. The lack of income can cause many families to have to live without the prefatorial necessities which we take for granted, they then need to turn to well-being agencies in order to survive. Lack of income also means children often have to miss out on school activitiesand sports programs as the family budget can no longer stre tch the distance. This monetary strain can cause breakdown in both the individual and family. This can turn in domestic violence, alcoholism, gambling, family dysfunction and even suicide. Unemployment has such wide ranging affects on family life. Alcoholism, smoking, the illegal use of drugs and crime are associated with unemployment (Makkai 1994).This can then be made even more significant when their is further stratification caused by age, disability, ethnicity, gender, sex, class and race. For example, if your race was one that expected the men to work and the married woman to stay at home and raise the children. When you become unemployed, you may lose your standing as both a husband and member of your community, as you can no longer provide appropriately for your family. Each of these aspects further increases the impact of unemployment.Secondly, there is education. Public versus private is already a hotly argued issue, do children get a better education from private or public education. This is not an issue for Australians who cannot afford the private education system. It is still a struggle though to pay for books, uniforms, excursions, camps and other school activities. Add in unemployment and the issue becomes even demandinger. If you currently have your children in private education and become unemployed, you may not be able to meet the financial demands. Taking your child out of their school and changing them to the public education system can then be very traumatic for everyone involved. at once again add any of the other stratification issues mentioned before and the situation can become very volatile. You may have certain reasons for attending special schools, if then cannot afford to maintain this situation what happens to your child. For example, a special school for your disabled child, mainstream public school may not be able to handle your childs disability. Your child is then left in a situation which is detrimental to their well being. Thirdly, government, unemployment is such a hot issue with voters that the government must be seen to be doing as much as they can to help the situation. They are always making promises to decrease the unemployment place, unfortunately the unmployment rate does not really give an accurate picture of how many people are out of work. It is only those who are registered as looking for work. The government provides welfare and training for unemployed but they do not seem to see the bigger picture. The government also creates stratification by having different payments and services for different races, rather than basing services provided on an individual needs basis. For example, Austudy and Abstudy.Finally, health system, the health system is hit hard by unemployment especially with the drop in hoi polloi billing. Many unemployed people cannot afford to go to a non-bulk billing doctor so instead go into their local emergency department. This is causing congestion in the emergency de partment. There is also an increase of illness (mental and physical) and suicide amongst the unemployed. This is creating a huge draw on our medicare and health system. Those on low incomes or unemployed cannot afford to have private health insurance, so are therefore no getting all the help they need. We are creating a system where people are leaving illnesses and injuries until they are quite serious due to the fact that they cannot afford to see a specialist.We will now look at what the functionalists and the conflict theorists say about it.Unemployment (Functionalism)Functionalists believe unemployment serves a purpose in society. We need unemployment in our society, it plays its own part. For all those who are or have been unemployed, it is hard to see how it can possibly be good for society, part of the master plan. Unemployment creates so much misery and further increases the problem of stratification.Those in the underprivileged class have to rely on government handouts, whi ch only creates further poverty as those people struggle to make ends meet. This in turn affects the family structure by adding extra money pressures. This is the point though, unemployed people create work for centrelink staff, welfare agencies, counsellors and keep cheap discount stores in work. It also maintains that there will always be someone to take the menial jobs that others dont want. Those lower classed people will do the jobs others wont. We need the divisions to make sure there are people to cover all types of places in society.Unemployment (Conflict Theory)Conflict theorists see unemployment as more evidence of those in a powerful or priviledged position taking utility of others. Power is the emphasis is an employment situation, while employed you have a certain amount of power, both over your work environment and your own life. Once unemployed you become powerless(prenominal), reliant on the government to provide you an income. Once in this position, an individual is likely to take a job which is below their abilities and for less pay, just so as to be earning an income. The difference in class and standing continues to increase. Those with money, do not need to stoop to this type of position, they can instead wait until anappropriate job comes up or they can indulge in further education to improve their position even more.ConclusionUnemployment plays are major part in our society, its affects are wide reaching. The implication that unemployment is an individual problem due to lack of skills, only seeks to increase the problem. The idea that who we are is show by what we do as a job, creates further stratification of our society. Long-term unemployment has been shown to be one of the most important contributors to domestic violence and other forms of crime, as well as psychological illness and suicide (Baker 1993).Whether we look at unemployment from a functional or conflict perspective, there is no right or wrong answer. We need to look at it from both perspectives to get a better idea of the situation, and then to look at possible ways of dealing with the issue. There will always be unemployment due to changes in the environment, whether they are biological or technological. For this reason further insights into how society deals with unemployment isnecessary. Stratification is a hint aspect of the evolution of a societys social identity, when this is compounded with unemployment, alienation and dysfunction becomes a consequence.

Challenges for Advertising Agencies by New Delivery Systems

Challenges for advertize Agencies by New Delivery SystemsMaphosaMok unitaryTitle of analyze or assignment WHAT HAS BEEN THE CHALLENGE POSED FOR ADVERTISING AGENCIES BY NEW MEDIA AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS?This essay give firstly give a truncated overview of the kickoff of advert agencies followed by a apprise outline of the billet of these advertisement agencies. This will be followed by a discussion of about clean media and its functions. The challenges that youthful media and address systems fetch posed for publicizing agencies will be discussed and finally a conclusion.Overview of the beginning of advertizing agencies will be discussed followed by a brief outline of the role of advertise agencies. advertize agencies first became prominent in the late 1800s with a rising necessity for de none services from magazines and upstartspapers (Reference). The first cognize and ack outrightledged advertising dresser was William Taylor from as too soon as 1786 followed by a n onher prominent one in 1800 which was st fine arted by James Jem White at Fleet Street in London. Agencies started in America in 1850 which placed client produced advertisements in newspapers (Reference). Agencies started operating on a global scale during the early twentieth century. One of the currently well-known advertising agencies that started in the 1850s is James Walter Thompson (JWT) (Reference). JWT first joined Carlton and Smith Agency eventually purchasing the advertising unswerving in 1877 and renamed it JWT. Inorder to be to make the role successful, JWT hired artists and writers forming the first known Creative Department in any advertising agency. JWT was also the first agency to develop and leave a global footprint (Reference). Since then, several other agencies pitch been compeld. Whilst few put one over survived through adjusting to current global technological compounds, some have folded as a result of depleting advertising budgets. This will be discusse d further inwardly the essay.Christian, (2014) asserts that advertising agencies usually operate independently from their clients and some successions lot boilers suit merchandising and branding strategies and sales promotions for its clients. stockes have for some years been reliant on advertising agencies which use advertising platforms such(prenominal) as television, newspapers, wireless and magazines. Advertising agencies are services centred on advertising businesses. According to Hackley, (2010), advertising agencies create, plan and handle advertising for its customers. Advertising agencies may sometimes include marketing and undertake other promotional work for its clients (Hackley, 2010) and can sometimes also handle overall marketing and branding strategies and sales promotions for customers depending on the customers needs (Hackley, 2010). In the beginning, advertising agencies did not create advertisements but simply brokered advertising space in magazines and new spapers. Advertising agencies have overtime added creative services to increase receipts. Their of import role is to work with clients to develop advertising campaigns. They are staffed by copywriters, art directors, and media planners who create and place advertisements in what they deem as appropriate media for target audiences. Advertising agencies work inside a companys advertising budget.What is New Media and its functionsAdvertising is becoming increasingly refined due to the introduction of new media. Chun and Keenan, (2006. Eds) refer to New media as products and services that provide information using mingled forms of electronic communication accessible the use of computer technology it generally describes confine that can is obtainable on-demand through the network. New media enables people to view any content on various devices such as computers, laptops, tablets etcetera. This provides people with a way to immediately interact with the content and also enables peo ple to share a lot of content online at bottom a short space of time this can be mixer net kit and caboodle or work related content with co-workers.Heath and Bryant, (2000) state that the introduction of new media has posed challenges to traditional advertising agencies due to the growth of the Internet and runny technologies. Lewis, (2010) concurs by suggesting that the introduction of new media has had significant implications for advertising industry as new media has become the choosered platform of advertising thereby usurping business from advertising agencies. Dewdney and Ride, (2006) state that one of the key features of new and emerging media technologies which are now being used to advertise are very much portable and have the efficiency to reach a wider audience within a very short space of time. New media advertising is mainly cost effective as just about of the advertising platforms are free this is not the case with old media which has always been used by advertis ing agencies (Lindgren cited in Galloway, 2005).New media advertising has the ability to parent visual marketing which is appealing to the consumer as compared to old media advertising which well-nighly in print form and also enables content delivery on demand by consumers depending on the target audience (Las Vegas Review Journal, 2016). New media enables clients to develop blogs or webpages that provide up-to-date information on their products or services within seconds whereas advertising media have to plan in advance and schedule release of information following availability and purchase of advertising space. Within new media delivery systems, customers can subscribe to news feeds by receiving alerts to sales or company events directly to their electronic gadgets (reference). Companies with an online presence can also advertise their business on other popular websites to direct unique visitors to their companys webpage or use influencers to draw business towards their products . Whilst advertising agencies can also use influencers, it takes longer for advertisements to be seen on print media.In appurtenance, new media has the ability and capacity to facilitate person-to-person communication through the availability of multimedia messaging through MMS, text messaging, SMS, emailing, SMS, online chatting and instant messaging, online forums and blogging within a short space of time whereas old media used by advertising agencies is usually more of story -telling and ra swan delivers specific calls to action (Streten, 2013). Advertising agencies use a one way form of communication whereas new media offers a two way communication with target audiences hence businesses now rely more on new media as it is easy to reach prospective new clients (Hausman, 2012) (Owen, 1999). This poses a massive challenge to advertising agencies as the amount of time taken to reach the same number of prospective clients will be much more. New media has brought about change to ser vice provision in areas as diverse as dating, delivery of higher education courses and how people do their banking and the advantage is that this can be set for specific target audiences and therefore most companies will prefer this type of advertising as the target audience will be reached faster in comparison to traditional advertising for example, when advertising adult content on television, this can only be advertised after watershed times and by then, some of the target audiences will not be watching or might miss the adverts (Bennet, 2003).Advertising agencies have been known to work as a link between smaller businesses which cannot often afford personal marketing teams and therefore companies, especially smaller ones turn to new advertising platforms as these are usually free (Inc.com, 2016). Advertising agencies have for many years focused predominantly on traditional media advertising, alongside television media (Brooks, 2012). However, new media has dramatically changed t he role that print advertising plays in an agencys overall strategy and therefore advertising agencies have to now determine the new role for print, if any leading to the agencys further predicament. New media enables advertisers to quantify the increased tax to clients which is a challenge to advertising agencies as their revenues cannot be accurately quantifiable (Hausman, 2012). New media, for example, Instagram, has the provision for advertisers with business insights, to understand their followers and clients engagement with the advertising campaigns (Instagram Business Tools, 2016) whereas advertising agencies do not have this provision especially if advertising on print media. Advertising agencies will need to master brand advertising and marketing and so as to be able to quantify the increased revenue to clients. In addition, agencies will need to work to focus more on the customer than its client inorder to somehow match new media delivery systems. This is likely to be de arly-won for the agency as they need to train staff and change the rest of their planned advertisements (Reference)The challenges that new media and delivery systems have posed for advertising agenciesNew media has dramatically changed how advertising works and are continuously presenting several challenges for advertising agencies. Some of the hurdles encountered by advertising agencies include using new media and delivery systems media to deliver financial outcomes for clients, and they effectively integrate new media delivery systems such as Facebook, Instagram and twitter into inclusive campaigns and use these to convince clients that experts in social media can effectively deliver better results than doing so in person. Willott, (2011) suggest that changes in both technological and consumer behaviour have led to significant implications for the advertising industry. He argues that new media has given rise to the need to revisit advertising strategies and to the evolution of ne w ways of customer engagement for marketers during the communication crop. Deuze, (2005) states that whilst salty customers in advertising activities, new media has forced agencies to rethink new creative possibilities therefore creating challenges for adverting agencies as they have been used to a certain way of advertising which has always suited their business without taking the consumer into much consideration (2007). Therefore, it in this sense that new media has created both opportunities and challenges to advertising agencies and practitioners as they need to rise to the challenge of new media delivery systems by working in a way that will jump or match or new media advertising.Falls (2009) suggests that advertising agencies are trying to figure out social media and if they want to continue to offer various marketing services to clients, then it is important to evolve and embrace some tenets of new media and adjust advertising strategies. He indicates that some agencies ar e adjusting by hiring briskness new media thinkers however there are still many that still operate in the same way they did before the introduction of media which has taken over the world of adverting. Falls, (2010) further states that many ad agencies have not yet figured out Interactive advertising for example, Web 1.0 followed by Web 2.0 and many agencies and their respective creatives (art directors, copywriters, designers) and clients services teams are still not trained to think digitally. He argues that the problem is that there is a culture clash between advertising agencies and new media advertising and the issues can be said to both philosophical and tactical. (Kaplan and Haenlein, 2010). Philosophically, Falls, (2010) suggest that advertising agencies use a one-way communication system aimed at large groups of customers as compared to new media delivery systems which offer a two-way communication system this requires listening and speaking. He further argues that new med ia can be deemed a multiple-way communication system as brands can speak and listen to customers and also observe or watch whilst other customers communicate with each other. Agencies creatives and strategical planners have to try and include similar communication systems however this will take a long time to achieve and can be costly as they have to either engage staff that are familiar with new media or train their existing staff on how new media works which may not be cost effective (Kaplan and Haenlein, 2010). It can be argued that new media delivery systems are customer focussed as it offers value for currency to customers whereas advertising agencies are more business focussed and do not offer to build a relationship with the customer (Coghlan, W. 2007). Therefore, philosophically, it can be argued that agency creative staff are being asked to all of a sudden master and undertake new methods of advertising and communicating which is in contrast to everything they have learnt in their careers. This has a direct impact on agencies as it directly impacts staff morale and can be counter effective. Looking at the issues from a tactical view, Falls, (2010) states that advertising creatives have always primarily focussed on traditional media and therefore are not wed savvy. For most of the employees, during the traditional advertising era, there were technological or electronic designing classes. Advertising was more art focussed which means the agency directors and designers were and still are more art focussed than technological. Traditional advertising is more linked to storytelling whereas web savvy specialists emanate from a technological era hence are experienced at interactive or digital communication and work production. Falls, (2010) further states within advertising agencies, creative teams usually brainstorm to create their advertisements and are usually not part of the creative process and told what to input in their creative pieces by someone who makes the decision whereas those from the new media era are part of the creative process and therefore become part of the decision making process. (Reference). In addition, new media revolves around content creation, however, advertising agencies are incapable and ill prepared to create and produce the volume and type of content necessary for delivery systems such as Facebook, blogs, YouTube, Instagram and twitter, to name a few. New media on the other hand produces immediate quick conversational and responsive content whereas advertising agencies have to proof read several times and given the go ahead to publish.Advertising agencies demoralise advertising space and place advertisements for their clients and this is for a certain period of time however in new media, any posts last as long as the user likes and therefore are available to be viewed by more people generating possible new business enterprise (Reference). This has resulted in advertising agencies realising massive plu mmeting revenue figures. Due to advertising revenue falling due to plummeting readership and circulation, agencies have been forced to let some of its staff go which has endangered the quality of the newspapers and worsened the line for advertising agencies (Currah, 2009a). Staff turnover has had a huge impact on advertising agencies due to loss of jobs due to most work which was manually do in old media being done technologically/electronically. Gregory, (2012)s research into how new media was impacting on advertising agencies indicates in the recent global recession in addition to new media appears to have go away a massive impact on advertising agencies and their employees. Gregory, (2012) states several agencies had to downsize or lay off most of their employees while other employees moved to different industries because they were unsure about their jobs. Learmont, (2008), reports that according to a web based advertising agency media analysis of US Department of Labour trot h statistics and news reports, advertising agencies in the United States shed more than 30,000 jobs in 2008 inorder to confront viable. However, in shedding these jobs, the agencies are likely to encounter further challenges as the laid off staff have the knowledge of how advertising works and therefore can get together and start their own competitive agencies that hold new media and therefore pose more challenges as their customers will follow them in top their new businesses as they will already have a working partnership.These changes resulted in high turnover at other competing corporations therefore, this weakened client ties to advertising agencies as most employees that individual clients had developed working relationships with had left the advertising agencies and therefore took their businesses elsewhere. Clients were unsure if these advertising agencies would continue trading which could negatively impact their businesses if the agencies went out of business (Gregory, 2 012). Advertising agencies need to have consistent and believe relationships with their afloat otherwise a non-consistent relationship makes it easier for clients to take their business elsewhere. Inorder to overcome McCabe, (2012 in Gregory, 2012) states that .. its difficult to maintain consistent creative approaches and media buying strategies when writers, art directors and media buyers dont remain agency employees beyond one airing of an advertising campaign, This mainly results from low staff turnover following agencies retrenching staff go due to low backup leading to agencies losing their income base. Most business that was traditionally handled by advertising agencies has now mostly been taken over by new media advertising. Business owners appear to prefer this type of advertising as they argue that whilst there are certain challenges in using new media for business advertisements, these are outweighed by the opportunities in hurt of cost, longevity of displayed advertis ements, reaching target audience on a wide scale (e-marketer, 2016) for example, advertising on Facebook also advertises on Instagram meaning you place one advert on one delivery system and it appears on other delivery systems using Instagrams hashtag system.Due to the hours people spend on their mobile phones, emails and shop social networks, a little time is now spent reading newspapers and magazines and usually by the older generation who still prefer traditional media advertising, advertising agencies that have remained afloat have had to completely change the way. Most customers would like to derail commercial and therefore prefer to use new media delivery systems which enables them to skip commercials and view whatever interests them. Epstein, (2015) states that advertising agencies and brand advertisers are still focussing on the short slots they that traditional media has used since the inception of traditional advertising because this is what they have always known and be en good at. However, due to their reluctance to adapt to the changes brought by new media, the agencies are failing to reach their target audiences as the audiences have now been swept away by the new media and service delivery systems (Choi, (2011). Therefore, it can be argued that despite these changes and challenges being encountered by agencies, they are still inept to adapt to the changes that are ruining agency efficacy. Advertising agencies have become rigid to the ways to they practice such that they have been increasingly slow to adapt to the new media ways of practice (Haughteling, 2015) This could be a result of the way advertisements have been formulated in the past and because they have over the years successfully operated in this way, agencies do not see the need to adapt and evolve to the advertising trends brought about by new media and delivery systems. Haughteling, (2015) suggests that the big successful advertising agencies such as Omnicom, IPG1, Saatchi and Saatc hi and WPP to name a few, have adapted and focussed more upon its digital functions and in so doing, shuffled their teams to suit current trends and laid off otiose staff and hired already qualified personnel who are adept in using new media. However, with all the changes the agencies have undergone, these have not alter the fundamental threats faced by advertising agencies in this era of rapid technological change resulting from the excellence of new media (Beeching and Wood, 2007). If agencies are ill-equipped to handle the demands of digital media, new partners who are ready to rise upto the challenge will continue to usurp business from the agencies and additional challenges will be realised by agencies and mend their efforts of trying to remain afloat and in competition. In addition, brands can directly partner digital influencers who have hordes of new media followers and play an important role in matching brands, manufacturers and clients as they help to coordinate broader campaigns (Benkler, 2006).Whilst advertising agencies place advertisements that aims to reach a wider group of customers, new media involves individually tailored person to person marketing (Hausman, 2012). New media uses targeting tools which enables advertisers to pay only for advertisements that they feel prospective clients who might be interested in the advertised products (Allen, 2015). Magazine advertising campaigns are commonly produced beforehand and are usually scheduled for months which does not satisfy the consumers need for new content on a regular basis (Hausman, 2012). New media on the other hand produces and immediately issues out regular new content on a regular basis. In addition, OGuinn et al., (2012) state that advertising agencies have day-to-day subscription fees as compared to new media which is mostly free or cheaper which results in new media having the urge over advertisements placed by advertising agencies. Therefore, this poses several challenges for a dvertising agencies as they lose regular and prospective clientele to new media platforms which offers them much more for less payments. In addition to the above, advertising agencies do not completely.Conclusion In conclusion, it is apparent that the rise of new media has posed challenges for advertising agencies in that major changes have been realised within the advertising industry as a only and to the role of advertising agencies in particular. Coghlan, W. (2007) states that advertising agencies work as a link between clients and consumers however the speed with which new media delivery systems avails new content on various platforms cannot be matched by platforms used by advertising agencies. New media continues to lead in the advertising setting and research shows that it still has a capability to gain further momentum with the next few years as more and more delivery systems are being introduced which appear to be favoured by both the customers and clients (Reference). 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Available at https//www.hausmanmarketingletter.com/16-differences-between-social-media-and-traditional-media/ Accessed 23 December 2016.OpenLearn.(2016).A brief history of advertising. online Available at http//www.open.edu/openlearn/money-management/management/business-studies/brief-history-advertising Accessed 5 January 201.Social Media Advantages and Disadvantages in Business. (2016) Las Vegas Review Journal Social Media Platforms Help Businesses Engage Customers. Accessed on 28 December 2016Houghteling, N. 2015. Why your traditional agency will never really understand digital. Availab le online at http//mashable.com/2015/04/09/traditional-agency-digital. Accessed 05 January 2017Epstein, S. 2015. Why the traditional ad agency is a dying breed. Available online at http//mashable.com/2015/07/30/the-ad-agency-is-dead. Accessed 05 January 2017Goforth-Gregory, J. 2012. Challenges Facing Todays Advertising Company. 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The Wealth of Networks How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. New Haven, CT Yale University Press.Brown, J., Broderick, A. J., and Lee, N. (2007). Word of Mouth Communication within Online Communities Conceptualizing the Online Social Network. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 21(3), 2-20.Caves, R. (2000). Creative industries. Cambridge, MA Harvard University Press.Choi, S. M. (2011). Guest Editorial Advertising and Social media. International Journal of Advertising, 30(1), 11-12.Coghlan, W. (2007). Facing the Digital Reality The line to Future High Performance in Advertising. New York Accenture Media and entertainment.Hart

The Ambiguity of Plato Essay -- Philosophy Essays

The Ambiguity of Plato For hundreds of years, Plato has been admired as a writer, a master rhetorician, an artist, and above all, a philosopher however, Platos backlashes against sophistry and art perk up led to much confusion concerning his ideas and beliefs. John Poulakos says of Plato, For most rhetoricians Plato has always played the same role he assigned to the sophists--the enemy (Nienkamp 1). Plato will always go forth to be the skilled rhetorician or artist who speaks out against rhetoric and art. In Apology and Phaedrus we see the character of Socrates rail against report because it can quickly get out of control of the author and just as easily be misinterpreted, yet Plato is known for his skillful dialogical writing. In reference to the Divided Line, Plato informs us that art is one of the lowest forms because it is no more than an illusion, yet Plato uses his artistic ability in Simile of a Cave to help us project the journey to knowledge. This ambiguity within the t exts leads to, what appears to be, Plato contradicting himself however, to fully understand these contradictions we must ask ourselves, Who is the real Plato? Platos contradictory nature and overall ambiguity make the lines of distinction mingled with the writer, the rhetorician, the artist, and the philosopher become blurred, so it is difficult for anyone to understand or explain the real Plato.Jean Nienkamp says of Plato, He is the writer who writes that nothing of importance can be conveyed through writing the word-smith who argues that words are but imitations of imitations at the same time that he insists on precise definitions, divisions... (1). In Phaedrus, Plato presents some of his more powerful arguments against writing. Most... ...1 23-44. Plato. Euthyphro. Trans. G.M.A. Grube. Indianapolis Hacket issue Company Inc., 1981 5-22. Plato. Meno. Trans. G.M.A. Grube. Indianapolis Hacket Publishing Company Inc., 1981 57-88. Plato. Phaedo. Trans. G.M.A. Grube. Indianapolis Ha cket Publishing Company Inc., 1981 89-155.Plato. Phaedrus. Trans. A. Nehamas and P. Woodruff. Amherst Hermagoras Press, 1999 165-213.Plato. Simile of a Cave. The Republic. Trans. Desmond Lee. Boston Pearson Custom Publishing, 2002 1-9.Tejera, Victorino. The Apology and the Phaedo Platos Tragic Humor. Platos Dialogues One by One A Dialogical Interpretation. Lanham University Press of America, Inc., 1999.Thesleff, Holger. In Search of Dialogue. Platos Dialogues New Studies and Interpretations. Ed. Gerald A. Press. Lanham Rowan and Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1993 259-266.

Mughal Emperor Akbar Essay -- Emperors Akbar India Essays

Mughal Emperor AkbarTopicWhat were the contribution of the Mughal emperor Akbar to the creation of an Indian national Identity? What were the greatest obstacles to his achievement in this?The greatest of the Mughals emperors, Akbar, attempted the creation of a national identity for India by his numerous reforms, literal and cultural development, and policies of integration and organization. His reforms include a liberal policy toward the non-Muslims, religious innovations, the land revenue system and the famous Mansabdari system. His policy of religious toleration became the just about significant aspect during his reign. Akbar naturalized a new organized religion, the Din-i-Ilahi. But Akbars attempt to create a national identity and a social equilibrium through his religious and semipolitical innovations was met with many obstacles and much opposition. Akbars approach to the problem of effectively governing a vast empire, made up of various ethnic groups, was to identify his int erests with those of the terra firma and set himself to unite all his subjects. Akbar introduced a policy of reconciliation and assimilation of Hindus, who represented the majority of the population. Akbar understood the importance of tolerance, which was paramount to his dynastys long-term viability. The Hindus could tho be reconciled by equality of treatment and respect for their institutions. Their employment was beneficial to the empire, as many were better businessmen than the Muslim invaders who were uneducated. Having defeated the Rajputs, the most militant of the Hindu rulers, he allied himself with them, by recruiting many capable Hindu chiefs with the highest ranks in government and by conferring honours upon them. To further build adhesiveness with the Rajputs, he encouraged intermarriages between Mughal and Rajput aristocracy, setting himself as an example by marrying daughters of three leading Rajput chiefs. Akbars acts of tolerance were aimed at the Hindu community as a whole and not just at the Rajputs, who became one of the pillars of the empire. His efforts to win over the Hindu population included reforms like, allowing all Hindus to practice their own religion without disturbance, and Akbar further flattered them by personally participating in the ... ...letely destroyed by his great-grandson, Emperor Aurangzeb . - 2000 words - Assessment 84% - Has never been submitted anywhere except to the university for assessment.BIBLIOGRAPHY subaltern SOURCESAllan J. & Dodwell H.H., The Cambridge Shorter History of India,London, Cambridge University Press, 1934.De Riencourt, Amaury., The Soul of India,Revised edn., Great Britain,Honeyglen Publishing, 1986.Lamb, Beatrice Pitney., India A World in Transition,New York, Frederick A. Praeger, 1963.Ratman, T., Report on India,London, Oxford University Press, 1943.Rawlinson, H.G., India A Short Cultural History,New York, Frederick A. Praeger, 1952.Thapar, Romila., A History of India, vol. 1,London, Penguin Books, 1990.Watson, Francis., A Concise History of India,Great Britain, Thames and Hudson, 1974.accessed 5 August, 2004.accessed 5 August, 2004. accessed 4 August, 2004. accessed 5 August, 2004.accessed 4 August, 2004.accessed 2 August, 2004. accessed 27 July, 2004accessed 25 July, 2004. accessed 25 July, 2004.accessed 28 July, 2004.accessed 2 August, 2004

Comparision of cities :: essays research papers

3 Cities Comparison Paper Alexandria, EgyptThere are some differences in the midst of Alexandria in 1000 A.D and present day Alexandria, Egypt. There are also some similarities, too. In ancient periods, the population of Alexandria was not actually calculated, but decidedly far less than today. Presently, there is a population of approximately 3,380,000 people. Along with the increased population, comes a totally different way of life. In the past, people make their living trading products typical to their era and working for more prominent people. Nowadays, there are many factories and industries, such as oil refineries, automobile manufacturing plants, and textile plants. Trade is still a common way of life and business, but in a slightly different way. In the past, items traded were related to the time it existed. Now, items are more modern, according to the time period and what is in demand.Another distinctive characteristic is the structure of parliamentary law in Alexandr ia, Egypt. Ancient Egyptian society consisted in a structure closely resembling a pyramid, and actually still exists today. There is a system of castes and classes that range from the very rich to the very poor. in the main the society has not drastically changed, but is slowly but surely trying to catch up with the times and with the rest of the world.A particular wont in this country which has changed is the idea and practice of marriage. Formerly, it was customary and dependably arranged and most of the times, at a very young age. This ritual or custom was particularly due to the families exchanging goods and other possessions between each other. Today, marriage has a completely different outlook. Women are able to choose who they wish to marry, but not without the consent and approval of the families.

Herbal Weight Loss Products Essay -- Diet Health Nutrition Papers

Herbal Weight Loss ProductsAn analysis of two particularly controversial productsHerbal remedies, along with vitamins and various other types of dietetic supplements, have long been popular with the customers of health food stores. But now they are part of a boom in alternative remedies and are widely available in supermarkets and pharmacies. In recent months, there has been an incredible surge in the sheer volume of scientific studies that have discussed the effectiveness of such herb tea products. Medical scientists consider such findings promising but preliminary additional research must definitely be explored. However, herbal supplement manufacturers are using such studies to boost the credibility of traditional herbal remedies. There are currently no government regulations to specify the purity, dosage or effectiveness of these products. galore(postnominal) consumers are opting to try them, assuming that the natural products with a long history of use will undoubtedly be sa fe. As herbal remedies continue to catch in popularity, reports by consumers of serious complications are also increasing. In one statistical report it was stated that 500 incidents were reported to the Food and Drug authorities last year alone. Leading the list of dangerous and ineffective ingredients are ephedra (or Ma Huang) and Chromium. Ephedra alone has accounted for more than half of the complaints in the past tense three years and has been associated with more than three dozen deaths. Thus the validity and the efficacy of these claims will need to be addressed. What are the claims of Natural Healing? It is manifest that our bodies are remarkable machines. However, the claim is that natural remedies aid the bodys immune system toward tot... ...ances M. Chromium Picolinate--Still Hot on the Market. Healthy Weight Journal. Jul8(4), 1994. Dolby, Victoria. Tip the Scales in Your Favor with Metabolic Weight Loss Nutrients. Better Nutrition. Oct 58(10), 1996, Okie, Susan . Looking for Mr. GoodPill Americans Have Fallen in Love With Herbal Supplements--But Do They Work? Are They unspoilt? The Washington Post, Nov. 25, 1997. Reading, S.A. Chromium Picolinate. Journal of Florida Medical Association. Jan83(1) 29-31, 1996. Stearns, D.M. A prediction of chromium (III) accumulation in humans from chromium dietary supplements. FASEB. Dec9(15)1650-7, 1995 Trent, L.K. Effects of chromium picolinate on body composition. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. Dec35(4)273-80. Walsh, Julie. The great chromium debate. Bicycling. Oct/Nov 37(10), 1996.

Recycling :: essays research papers

Five years train passed since the Earth Summit. Have we made any distribute? Have we moved closer to the goal of sustainable development in the last basketball team years? Is the world better off today than it was five years ago? A pessimist will say that the glass is half empty. As an optimist I prefer to say that the glass is half full. Let me matter the main achievements", asserts Ambasador Tommy Koh of Singapore. The following is adapted from his article.First, the Earth Summit has brought to a final resolution the age-old debate between economic development and protection of the environment. The fresh wisdom is that we want economic progress, but we also want to live in harmony with nature. To be sure, Governments have to make hard choices and there atomic number 18 trade-offs between the two objectives. But since the Earth Summit, it is no longer possible to utter round development without considering its impact on the environment or to talk about protecting the env ironment without considering its impact on sustainable development. Many countries have enacted legislation to provide for environmental impact assessment. Second, the Earth Summit has charge the environmental movement. Within national Governments, the ministries of environment and environmental protection agencies have expire more important. The NGO (non-governmental organization) federation has gained in stature and influence. Many countries have established national councils on sustainable development. The business community has rallied to the cause and established the Business Council on Sustainable Development. Business leaders have be take place aware that support for the environment is not inconsistent with profitability. Third, the Framework Convention on Climate Change has come into force. The States Parties are engaged in the grueling process of negotiating a Protocol which would contain legally binding limits on the emission of greenhouse gases. Fourth, the Convention on Biological Diversity has also come into force. States Parties are required to undertake inventories of their biological diversity. They are also required to publish Red Data Books containing their endangered species of flora and fauna. Although we continue to lose about three species of flora and fauna every day, the prospect is better today than five years ago that the world will arrest and reverse this trend. Fifth, in response to the urgent need of Africa, a Convention to Combat Desertification has been negotiated and adopted. It will enter into force in December 1997. I hope the international community will back the Convention with the requisite political will and economic resources to make it work.